Up to 14% of women experience irregular or excessively heavy menstrual bleeding. Abnormal bleeding can be caused by a number of issues, including uterine fibroids, PCOS, uncontrolled diabetes, and thyroid disorders. Heavy bleeding is also a common cause of anaemia in women.

Menstrual pain, also known as dysmenorrhea, is a pain in the pelvic or lower abdominal area before or during a woman’s period. Dysmenorrhea is the most common period-related complaint, especially for young women. When there is no underlying cause, the pain often improves with age or following childbirth. However, dysmenorrhea may be caused by one or more of the following: